Association analysis for detecting significant single nucleotide polymorphisms for phosphorus-deficiency tolerance at the seedling stage in soybean [Glycine max (L) Merr.]

Tolerance to low-phosphorus soil is a desirable trait in soybean cultivars. Previous quantitative trait locus (QTL) studies for phosphorus-deficiency tolerance were mainly derived from bi-parental segregating populations and few reports from natural population. The objective of this study was to detect QTLs that regulate phosphorus-deficiency tolerance in soybean using association mapping approach. Phosphorus-deficiency tolerance was evaluated according to five traits (plant shoot height, shoot dry weight, phosphorus concentration, phosphorus acquisition efficiency and use efficiency) comprising a conditional phenotype at the seedling stage. Association mapping of the conditional phenotype detected 19 SNPs including 13 SNPs that were significantly associated with the five traits across two years. A novel cluster of SNPs, including three SNPs that consistently showed significant effects over two years, that associated with more than one trait was detected on chromosome 3. All favorable alleles, which were determined based on the mean of conditional phenotypic values of each trait over the two years, could be pyramided into one cultivar through parental cross combination. The best three cross combinations were predicted with the aim of simultaneously improving phosphorus acquisition efficiency and use efficiency. These results will provide a thorough understanding of the genetic basis of phosphorus deficiency tolerance in soybean.     

中国女子曲棍球伦敦奥运会技战术分析

伦敦奥运会，中国女曲小组赛只取得两场胜利，最后在排位赛中，输给澳大利亚，排名第六。通过对比赛的技术数据分析得出中国女曲伦敦奥运会在技战术方面存在一些不足，主要表现为：在组织进攻方面尤其是强攻能力明显不足，短角球攻防技术与世界强队有明显差距，前后场配合、攻防跑位能力仍有待提升。为提升未来中国女曲水平，有必要在进攻能力提升、短角球攻防技术演练、前后衔接与攻防跑位磨合及新规则理解及实践运用等方面进行研究。     

多年生人工草地矮生嵩草(Kobresia humilis)种群空间格局与种内关联性

植物种群空间分布格局不仅反映植物的空间分布特点,还有助于研究者了解植物利用资源的现状和生存能力。本研究以矮生嵩草(Kobresia humilis)为研究对象,按株丛斑块面积将矮生嵩草分为小斑块级株丛(0～30 cm²)、中斑块级株丛(30～80 cm²)和大斑块级株丛(>80 cm²)3个株丛级,采用点格局分析的g函数统计方法,分析了矮生嵩草各级株丛的空间格局及关联性。结果表明：矮生嵩草种群中小斑块级株丛占比高于中斑块、大斑块级株丛占比,种群中幼苗充足,正处于稳定的增长阶段;矮生嵩草小斑块、中斑块、大斑块级株丛在小尺度范围内表现为聚集分布,随着尺度的增大,所有株丛斑块的聚集程度减弱,逐渐趋向于随机分布;小斑块与中斑块、大斑块的矮生嵩草株丛在小尺度内表现为正关联。斑块聚集分布和相互共存是矮生嵩草的一种生存策略。     

高原鼠兔刈割对青海湖流域高寒草甸植物种间关联的影响

高原鼠兔喜欢刈割茂密高寒草甸中高大植物而影响植物群落内的种间关系。采用方差比率法、χ²检验和Spearman秩相关分析相结合的方法,分析了高原鼠兔刈割行为对高山嵩草草甸植物群落种间关联的影响。结果表明：高原鼠兔刈割会促进植物群落的种间总体联结从不显著正关联变为显著负关联,降低植物群落稳定性,减少植物群落内正关联和正相关的种对数量,增加负关联、无关联和负相关的种对数量。而综合χ²检验结果、AC值和OI指数,洞口植物群落大部分种对的种间关联均不显著,种间联结程度不强。这表明χ²检验和Spearman秩相关分析能够评价小型草食动物对植物群落种间关联的影响,为全面解析高原鼠兔整体干扰驱动植物群落结构变化提供了基础信息。     

水牛MFSD2A基因多态性及其与产奶性状的关联分析

【目的】研究水牛主要促进因子超家族成员2a(major facilitator superfamily domain containing 2a,MFSD2A)基因多态性,并筛选与水牛产奶性状相关联的SNP。【方法】采集383头健康水牛血液DNA,利用PCR扩增和Sequenom MassARRAY飞行时间质谱技术对SNP位点进行筛选及基因型检测,并进行遗传多样性、连锁不平衡(LD)和单倍型分析,以及对不同基因型和单倍型与水牛产奶性状进行关联分析。【结果】在水牛MFSD2A基因中检出7个SNPs位点,多态信息含量(PIC)均在0.25~0.40之间,属于中度多态,除g.8290 T＞C位点外,其余位点均处于Hardy-Weinberg平衡状态(P＞0.05);关联分析结果表明,这7个SNPs位点与305 d产奶量均显著关联(P＜0.05),且突变杂合子基因型的305 d产奶量是3种基因型中最低的,g.568 C＞G和g.701 A＞G位点与乳脂率显著关联(P＜0.05),乳脂率从大到小依次为突变纯合子＞野生纯合子＞突变杂合子,g.568 C＞G、g.3326 G＞A、g.8290 T＞C和g.8523 C＞G位点与乳蛋白率显著关联(P＜0.05),7个SNPs位点与乳尿素氮关联均不显著(P＞0.05);连锁不平衡和单倍型分析结果明,g.568 C＞G、g.701 A＞G和g.3203 T＞G位点可组成一个单倍型模块(Block 1),g.8523 C＞G和g.9138 G＞T位点可组成另一个单倍型模块(Block 2)。其中g.568 C＞G和g.701 A＞G、g.568 C＞G和g.3326 G＞A、g.8523 C＞G和g.9138 G＞T位点的r²分别为0.87、0.37和0.48,处于强连锁不平衡状态。Block 1中的H1(CAG)单倍型乳蛋白率显著高于H2(CAT)和H3(GCT)(P＜0.05),Block 2中的D3(GG)单倍型305 d产奶量极显著高于D1(CG)和D2(CT)(P＜0.01)。【结论】筛选出的MFSD2A基因7个SNPs位点与305 d产奶量均显著关联,g.568 C＞G和g.701 A＞G位点与乳脂率显著关联,g.568 C＞G、g.701 A＞G、g.3326 G＞A、g.8290 T＞C和g.8523 C＞G位点与乳蛋白率显著关联,这7个SNPs位点与乳尿素氮均无显著关联。纯合子的基因型在高305 d产奶量和乳脂率的选择上更有优势,H1(CAG)和D3(GG)单倍型是提高水牛305 d产奶量和乳蛋白率的有利单倍型。     

The association of sexuality with plant traits and tuber yield in white yam

Summary One 3-to 5-year clonal and two recent seedling-derived populations of white yam cultivars were grown and studied for the association of sex, flowering intensity, number of fruits and seed yield with vegetative characters and tuber yield. Yield was lowest in non-flowering plants and increased in the following order: male, monoecious and female plants; with females yielding almost twice as much as the non-flowering plants. The plants produced from small tuber setts, with higher leaf virus infection, low plant leafiness either had low flowering intensity, fewer fruits and seeds or even failed to flower. The sequence and timing of vegetative and reproductive processes in relation to the difference in yield between male and female plants is discussed. There is a strong indication that the intensity of flowering and fruiting is lower in plants from previous vegetative propagation compared to recent seedling-serived clones.     

EQ6110客车电动AMT换挡策略

分析了客车换挡特点和原型车及C220发动机的特性，基于AVL Cruise软件建立了客车仿真模型，提出了适合于该客车电动式机械自动变速器换挡策略。仿真结果表明，在不降低原车动力性的条件下，设计的双参数换挡策略与单参数换挡相比可降低油耗2．4L／（100km），节油率达6．7％。单参数速度换挡仿真结果与试验结果基本一致，证明换挡策略是可信的。     

白羽番鸭ApoVLDL-Ⅱ基因内含子1的克隆及其多态与生长、肉质和脂肪性状的关联分析

以10周龄白羽番鸭为材料,对ApoVLDL-II基因内含子1进行克隆和SSCP检测,并分析其多态与生长、肉质和脂肪性状的关系。结果表明:白羽番鸭ApoVLDL-II基因内含子1序列全长1 362 bp,与家鸭和鸡的同源性分别为93.6%和69.2%;经SSCP分析,仅A4位点检测到多态,共3种基因型,序列比对发现在770 bp碱基之后插入/缺失1个AAAATCTTGTTTA序列和803 bp处发生A→G突变,该位点属中度多态,并偏离了Hardy-Weinberg平衡(P<0.05);关联分析显示,CC基因型个体的pH和胸肌水分显著低于DD基因型的(P<0.05),肌内脂肪(IMF)、血清甘油三酯(TG)和血清胆碱酯酶(ChE)则显著高于DD型的(P<0.05),CD基因型个体的胸肌水分显著低于DD基因型的(P<0.05),其他性状各基因型间的差异均不显著(P>0.05)。由此推测,白羽番鸭ApoVLDL-II基因内含子1的多态可能对肉质和脂肪代谢有着重要影响,CC基因型可能是脂肪沉积的有利基因型。     

联结度指数构造模型及其应用

植物种间联结关系的研究约有 1 0 0年的历史 ,国内外学者提出了多种公式 :I1 =(ad-bc) (ad bc) (Yule ,1 91 2 ) ,I2 =2a (2a b c) (Dice ,1 94 5 ) ,I3 =(a b) (a c) a(Margalef,1 95 8) ,上述这些公式均没有考虑每一样方的种群数量 ,而只检查种是否出现 ;无疑这些指数受     

Applied Behavior Analysis as a Development Tool: Examples from Agroforestry

ABSTRACT

Applied behavior analysis can be used by development practitioners to improve the design and implementation of development programs. Programs are most successful when the goals and consequences of change agents, strategists, and adopters align, as we demonstrate with real-world examples from international agroforestry projects. We focus on the role of change agents acting as intermediaries between change strategists, such as large development agencies, and development adopters, the rural farmers who implement agroforestry projects. We describe three aspects that are particularly important for agroforestry projects: (1) identifying the rules being used, (2) assessing the roles and reinforcement contingencies of both individuals and larger groups, and (3) being flexible and able to respond to rapid change.